Managed Care Philosophy and Initiatives Directed at...

Introduction. Managed health care is a system that is used to control the financing and the method of delivery of healthcare services to those individuals who are enrolled is specific types of healthcare plans such as Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO) and Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO). Managed healthcare main goal is to ensure that the care that is received by the patient is not just routinely done so that the providers are making a high profit but to ensure that providers are delivery a high quality of care that is also cost effective. Managed care philosophy and initiatives directed at prevention and health maintenance within the managed health care. The manage care philosophy was designed with the intent of placing†¦show more content†¦With such major scare the local hospital and the Department of Health launched a collaborative program to increase influenza vaccine coverage in the community. This was done by increasing the number of individual that were vaccinated which would result in a close moderation of the severity of lower respiratory tract illness during the winter season. To accomplish this however certain procedure will have to be in place for example to public needs to be aware of the providers intent and plan of action have to be in place to enhance the delivery of the vaccine. The steps taken to improve quality. It is important steps are taken to increase the rates of immunization while ensuring a safe delivery. The immunization records should be maintained at least at federal level for a long period of time. It is believed that the introduction of the point-of-service data entry there was a big increase in the quality of immunization. There was also an introduction of an automated immunization due reminder and a monthly report to several providers on the patient’s immunization status. There was also a comparison of the immunization rate per provider. Several programs were put in place to ensure that vaccination is delivered to as many individual asShow MoreRelatedNanotech 1AC Essay13565 Words   |  55 PagesRegulation of Nanotechnology,† 03/12/2012, http://www.tierramerica.info/nota.php?lang=engidnews=3920olt=568, AC) MEXICO CITY, Mar 12 (Tierramà ©rica).- Nanotechnology, which is currently unregulated in Mexico, could pose serious threats to human health and the environment, cautions a new study. Far from a policy of precaution vis-à  -vis these new technologies, products are entering the market without regulation to guarantee their safety or labels to inform of their use, researcher Guillermo FoladoriRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesof the Presidential Award for Excellence in Science and Mathematics Teaching in 1986. He was a regional winner of the IBM Com- Contents 1 The Role of Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 1.1 Three Reasons to Study Statistics 1 1.2 The Nature and Role of Variability 4 1.3 Statistics and the Data Analysis Process 7 1.4 Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays 12 Activity 1.1 Head Sizes: Understanding Variability 22 Activity 1.2 Estimating Sizes 23 Activity 1.3 A Meaningful Paragraph

Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders (...

Definitions Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) defines substance abuse as addiction. Addiction is defined by abuse and dependence. â€Å"Abuse† is use that impairs an individual person’s ability to function. â€Å"Dependence† is physical withdraw, and centering one’s life around obtaining and using the substance (Kaye and David, 2014). Like a lot of populations those individuals who suffer from substance abuse have terms they are referred to that are offensive to them and their disease. Terms like addict, abuser, and junkie are seen as demeaning to them because it labels the individual by their disease. Preferred terms would be a person in active addiction, a person with a substance issue disorder, or a person experiencing an alcohol/drug problem. Habit or drug habit denies the medical nature of the condition instead individuals with substance issues prefer substance misuse disorder, active addiction, and alcohol and drug disease (â€Å" Nati onal Alliance†, 2008). There are no holidays that are specific to people with substance issues however in Alcohol Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) there are chips given to individuals who remain substance-free. The chips are given out after 30 days, 90 days, and 6 months after that it is by year. History Drugs have become so apart of our society and daily lives that all American are using one kind or another(BOOK). We start the day with caffeine, medicine to relieve to pain and cocktails at dinner. 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Substance abuse and substance dependence which are the former terms that were used to define one with the disorder has been grouped into a set category o f substance use disorder by the 2013Read MoreCMH 3023674 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿CMKH 302 UNDERSTANDING MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS 1.1describe the main types of mental ill health according to the psychiatric (dsm/icd) classification system: mood disorders, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, substance-related disorders, eating disorders, cognitive disorders The ICD is produced by a global health agency with a constitutional public health mission, while the DSM is produced by a single national professional association DSM-IV Codes are the classificationRead MoreThe Role Of A Chemical Dependency Counselor1139 Words   |  5 Pagesthe chemically dependent. The definition of addiction, the subsequent theories, prevalent disorders, and treatment processes are presented as a guide for counseling the chemically dependent. DSM V criteria for Substance Use Disorder In order to provide the best counseling possible to aid in the recovery of addiction it is necessary to fully understand the definition of substance abuse and dependence (aka addiction). Alan Leshner (1997) defines addiction as an, â€Å"uncontrollable compulsive drug cravingRead MoreIntroduction . Cannabis Is The Most Commonly Used Illegal1443 Words   |  6 Pages(Degenhardt Hall 2012). Cannabis misuse causes adverse effects and leads to addiction if consumed continuously ( ). Substance abuse leads to health effects and also becomes expensive for governments hence the need to endeavour to try and sort out issues that affect it ( ). There is clear-cut evidence in the literature which illuminates the physiological aspects and psychological explanations of substance abuse. (ref) Cannabis abuse is considered to be a vital subject for reasons that (a) some countriesRead MoreDrug Addiction Is A Complex Disease2376 Words   |  10 Pagesdrugs simply by choosing to change their behavio r. In reality, drug addiction is a complex disease, and quitting takes more than good intentions or a strong will. In fact, because drugs change the brain in ways that foster compulsive drug abuse, quitting is difficult, even for those who are ready to do so. Through scientific advances, we know more about how drugs work in the brain than ever, and we also know that drug addiction can be successfully treated to help people stop abusing drugs and leadRead MoreControversy: Revision of the DSM-IV to DSM-V Essay1892 Words   |  8 PagesCriticisms of the DSM-5 Task Force This fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or DSM will be the standard classification of mental disorders (Nauert, 2011). Mental health professionals and other health professionals will use this standard in their diagnoses and researches. The American Psychiatric Association released a draft of proposed changes after a decade of review and revision by the Association. Allen Frances, chairman and editor of DSM IV, and RobertRead MoreCompulsion, Desire, Needs And Wants Are Everyday Experiences1905 Words   |  8 PagesThis mental disorder is the mind desperately seeking to justify confusion and trauma by masking it with extreme temporary gratification so as to relieve pain. Although there are many types of mental disorders, one in particular that is of much controversy is sex addiction. A behavior that is yet to be understood fully, sex addiction has been a destructive force since before its existence was officially recognized. Sex addictio n, also known as compulsive sexual behavior or hypersexual disorder, isRead MoreYou Bet Gambling Is Addictive3189 Words   |  13 Pageswhich the American Psychiatric Association (APA) labels as an impulse disorder in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Psychiatric Disorder. This edition of the manual, DSM-IV-TR, provides a widely accepted definition of PG as persistent and recurrent maladaptive gambling behavior that â€Å"disrupts personal, family, or vocational pursuits† (APA 2000). The diagnostic criteria established by the APA in the DSM-IV-TR are that a person is a pathological gambler if he or she agrees

The Economics Of The Causes Of The free essay sample

Great Depression Essay, Research Paper Looking back on the past century of American History, there are many ups and downs, victory and calamities, roars and flops. However, each one of these periods lasted for comparatively short periods of clip. There is one noteworthy exclusion. The Great Depression was genuinely that, the greatest low point this state has of all time experienced. At its low-water mark, in 1932 and 1933, 14 million people were unemployed, over 25 % of the state # 8217 ; s work force. All this occurred after a decennary remembered as the # 8220 ; Golden Twenties # 8221 ; in which prosperity was everyplace. Those who didn # 8217 ; t set their money in the stock market were judged insane or incompetent. There were, nevertheless, # 8220 ; Two Sides to Paradise, # 8221 ; during the Twenties. Forty per centum of the state # 8217 ; s wealth was concentrated in merely 5 % of the population. Even though workers in the 1920 # 8217 ; s increased their end product by 40 % , wages merely rose by 7 % . This meant that the now greatly increased net incomes weren # 8217 ; t being passed on, merely doing the really rich still richer. Because antimonopoly Torahs weren # 8217 ; T enforced, there were besides price-skimming cozenages, that allowed companies to do even larger net incomes. Overall this meant that manufacturers were easy compressing their market. Without money to pass in workers # 8217 ; pockets, there could be no demand for goods. The effect of the rich holding so much of the state # 8217 ; s money was that they speculated with their money in the stock market. They besides spent much of the state # 8217 ; s gross national merchandise. This meant that if the stock market crashed, as it would, much of the state # 8217 ; s money would immediately vanish. As the rich disappeared, demand for luxuries and similar merchandises would disappear with them. Another false side to paradise was the husbandmans. During World War I much of Europe # 8217 ; s premier farming area went out of production due to the war. The demand for nutrient was increased by the demands of the huge ground forcess. American husbandmans filled the spread by stepping up production, thereby harvesting immense net incomes. However, between 1919-1921 farm income went from $ 17.7 billion to $ 10.5 billion as European farming area came back into production. Farmers continued to take losingss all through the 20 # 8217 ; s. Another unstable portion of the 20 # 8217 ; s economic system was that most of the antic growing of the decennary had been based upon two industries, wireless and the car. Any industry that was remotely connected to these had streamer old ages. Take building for illustration. During the 20 # 8217 ; s there was an unbelievable demand for new paved roads. On mean America spent $ 1.4 billion dollars yearly on new roads. In add-on, the car was responsible for much of the urbanisation of the state during the 20 # 8217 ; s. Because so many new people were traveling to the metropoliss, there was demand for many new flats, mills and office edifices. Steel, lead, glass, leather, fuel and likely most of all, the tyre industry benefited from autos. The job with so much of the state # 8217 ; s growing being basically centered on two industries was that the whole economic system was dependent on them. If the wireless and car industries slowed down, the full economic system would decelerate down with them. This might hold been all right had it been a different industry, such as agribusiness. However, these two industries could non spread out everlastingly. You could merely have so many wirelesss and so many autos before you didn # 8217 ; t want any more ; this is jurisprudence of decreasing fringy public-service corporation in action. Because agribusiness had been dismissed as unprofitable, there was nil left in the economic system after wireless and building went down. As more and more people speculated in the stock market monetary values, were driven manner up, beyond the existent worth of a company. Alternatively of reflecting a company # 8217 ; s assets, dividends, or mentality, monetary values reflected what person else might pay in a hebdomad, or a minute, for their opportunity to do a net income in the same manner. Another job with the bad roar was that when people bought stock they normally bought it on border. This meant that you merely paid 40 % of the value of the stock. The agent got the remainder of the money on recognition, which you paid back when you sold the stock. If your stock # 8217 ; s value fell below the breakeven point for the agent, he would either sell the stock, and take a loss, or inquire you for more money. What all this meant was that Bankss were indirectly, and sometimes straight, puting their depositors # 8217 ; money in the stock market. By and large the largest cause for the clang of 1929, and hence the depression, was the fact that the stock market roar was based on assurance, non existent world. If investors lost assurance in the market # 8217 ; s ability to turn a net income the whole system would come crashing down. Alternatively of being based on assurance, a clang would be based on fright. During the summer of 1929 many warning marks of the at hand clang were noticed. However, these marks were by and large ignored because most investors believed there was no manner the market could crash. The one strong response to the warning marks was when the Federal Reserve raised involvement rates to 6 % . However, this had small consequence because Bankss could still do 12 % in stocks, an unbelievable net income border. October 24, 1929 is now remembered as # 8220 ; Black Thursday. # 8221 ; On this twenty-four hours the whole US fiscal system came toppling down. Investors lost all assurance in the value of their stocks and tried to sell at lower and lower monetary values. Some couldn # 8217 ; t happen purchasers at any monetary value. The heart tape, which allowed those non in the existent exchange to cognize monetary values, ran two hours behind. In response to the clang a group of improbably affluent bankers, whose personal lucks totaled more than $ 300 million, met to seek and quiet the peo ple and halt the terror. They bought stocks at much higher monetary values than the traveling rate, appeasement and stabilising the exchange. However, since the heart tape was running several hours behind, sell orders continued to pour in from across the state. On # 8220 ; Black Thursday # 8221 ; the New York Stock Exchange entirely lost $ 4 billion dollars. The magazine Assortment unforgettably summed up the clang with the headline, # 8220 ; Wall Street Lays an Egg. # 8221 ; On the following twenty-four hours, Friday, monetary values remain comparatively stable as investors tried to take stock of the state of affairs. However, this did non last. The following Monday, although trading was less, the market fell still farther. # 8220 ; Black Tuesday, # 8221 ; October 29, proved even more fruitless. The bankers that had tried to halt the clang were now selling. It was the worst twenty-four hours in the market # 8217 ; s 112-year history. As the monetary values fell further and farther many agents madly sent out border calls for more money. Some sold their investors # 8217 ; stocks outright. The job was that the people acquiring called merely didn # 8217 ; t have the money, or didn # 8217 ; t want to put it, coercing agents to take a loss. This money was, of class, on recognition and the Bankss were demanding payment to pay for the losingss they had sustained. The agents merely didn # 8217 ; t have the money and were forced to default. This meant that the Bankss lost one million millions of dollars of their depositors # 8217 ; money, which the depositors were now seeking to withdrawal. Once once more the Bankss merely didn # 8217 ; t have the money and were forced to travel bankrupt. Between 1929-33 more than 10,000 Bankss failed, greatly shriveling the money supply. The bad roar had been built like an # 8220 ; Upside-down pyramid # 8221 ; on recognition. Now it collapsed like one. On Halloween Thursday the New York Stock Exchange closed and didn # 8217 ; t reopen until the following Monday. During this, the 2nd hebdomad since # 8220 ; Black Thursday, # 8221 ; monetary values fell still further in even larger selling crazes. By mid November the market had sustained an mean $ 26 billion, or 40 % loss. Some companies had seen their value bead from $ 100 to $ 3 per portion every bit small as two yearss. The stock market clang started a concatenation reaction throughout our economic system, and, so, the economic system of the universe. Since most of the money was with the rich, and these were the people that had lost everything, disbursement declined really quickly, particularly on luxuries. Lending to the continued ruin was the fact that industry hadn # 8217 ; t shared its net incomes with its workers. This meant that there was no mass buying power left one time the rich lost out. Another subscriber was the immense stock lists kept by many retail merchants. Since no 1 was purchasing no orders came in for many months, coercing concerns to layoff workers. Due to the strong anti-union sentiment of the 20 # 8217 ; s, there were no brotherhoods left to forestall the mass layoffs. Laying-off workers constricted concern # 8217 ; s markets still farther until they were forced to put off still more workers in an about unbreakable downward spiral. By the spring of 1939, six months after the clang, 4 million people were unemployed and this was merely the tip of the iceberg. By 1933 24.9 % of the work force would be unemployed. There would be an attempted military putsch and the US would eventually travel off the gilded criterion. The Great Depression had begun. The foremost inquiry in most people # 8217 ; s mind when believing about The Depression is, # 8220 ; Can and will it go on once more? # 8221 ; When asked this simple inquiry most experts agree that in our present economic state of affairs something like The Depression couldn # 8217 ; t develop. This is because the US passed many Torahs during the 30 # 8217 ; s to forestall a stock market clang from re-occurring. If something like The Depression started once more federal agency, like the Securities and Exchange Commission, would step in and effort to forestall it. However, this is of small importance sine many of the causes of the 1929 clang are now illegal. First of all commercial Bankss are no longer allowed to theorize in stocks. Second, the Federal Reserve now has greatly increased power over involvement rates. Which gives them much greater power to forestall a clang. Another factor that makes it less likely for a clang to happen is the riddance of the large investing trusts, except the common financess, which are extremely regulated. Incredibly, the current revenue enhancement system helps forestall a clang by distributing the wealth from the really rich to the hapless. Unemployment compensation and societal security, both passed in the 30 # 8217 ; s, would assist keep an income base and protect the old should another depression develop. Probably the individual most of import step against another depression is FDIC insurance, which insures depositors # 8217 ; money, up to $ 100,000. Bank failures were one of the most demoralising effects of the Depression. They were besides one of the most dearly-won. FDIC insurance would cut down the consequence of most bank failures, moving like a brick wall to any impending depression. There are, nevertheless, a few factors in favour of a depression. The current loss of power in most labour brotherhoods could let a depression to happen. This is because mass layoffs and decreases in wage could non be disputed without organized labour. A farther job that could ensue in a clang is the current overvaluing of many stocks. During the mid-twentiess stock values soared much beyond the existent worth of a company. The same thing is go oning today with companies like Yahoo! , presently valued at over $ 200 a portion, even though it has yet to turn a net income Another job is an built-in defect in our free-enterprise system. This defect is that net income will ever take precedency over the good of the people. This simple jurisprudence means that poorness will ever be if we are to keep our competitive system. 36e

Rockwood Conservation Area Youth Education Program Essay Example

Rockwood Conservation Area Youth Education Program Essay Rockwood Conservation Area Youth Education Program Introduction Take a Hike – Outdoor education is a multidisciplinary team consisting of 6 students from the University of Waterloo. Our goal is to develop and implement outdoor education programs promoting a comprehensive, flexible, and environmentally focused outdoor education program for the Ontario School Board. Purpose of Research The current education system focuses on learning within the confines of a classroom through the use of textbooks and worksheets designed to create a structured learning experience for students. Information obtained from textbooks allows students to comprehend and later regurgitate the material presented; nonetheless, interaction with the natural environment would strengthen knowledge through practical learning and hands-on experience. For that reason, the Rockwood Conservation Area would provide exceptional opportunities for meaningful learning. The purpose of this study is to develop an outdoor education program that employs the environment of the Rockwood Conservation Area. This program would be beneficial to the education of middle-school students as it would enhance their knowledge pertaining to nature, science and geography through active learning, which coincides perfectly with the Ontario School Board Curriculum. The program will be designed to hold neutral ideologies, and therefore, would be applicable to any curriculum (Public, Catholic and additional school boards). Related research on the subject has been compiled and reviewed, and is described in greater detail under the heading â€Å"Literature Review. † Site Information We will write a custom essay sample on Rockwood Conservation Area Youth Education Program specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rockwood Conservation Area Youth Education Program specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rockwood Conservation Area Youth Education Program specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Rockwood Conservation Area is one of many parks within the Grand River Conservation Authority’s watershed. This 79-hectare property was acquired in 1958, and opened its gates to visitors in 1961 (Chapman 1984). A portion of this property was later sold to the University of Waterloo in 1972 (McKenzie 2011). The Rockwood Conservation Area is located east of Guelph on the outskirts of the village named Rockwood, residing by the Eramosa River (Chapman 1984). Its location is accessible to countless schools in Guelph, Kitchener, Waterloo, Cambridge, Hamilton, and the Greater Toronto Area. The conservation area possesses unique geological features, such as potholes created by the runoff of the Wisconsin glacier several thousand years ago, which includes the creation of the world’s largest pothole, the Devil’s Well (Morgan 2002). Morgan (2002) mentions that other features such as caves, wetlands, gorges, limestone cliffs, forests, trails, lakes and rivers can be found within the Rockwood area. Furthermore, camping, fishing, hiking, canoeing, and mini-golf are a few of the many recreational activities currently offered at the conservation area (Rockwood Conservation Area 2011). Literature Review Four main concepts were uncovered from the literature that was analyzed in relation to the implementation of an outdoor educational program. A deeper understanding of these four key concepts will help develop a more appropriate, as well as an all-encompassing program that would achieve its goal in all fullness. These concepts include curriculum, teaching techniques, benefits of outdoor learning, and conservation. The following paragraphs will specify relevant information pertaining to the proposed outdoor education program. Curriculum All school boards within the province of Ontario share the same curriculum. Under the Ontario School Board Curriculum, grade seven and eight students cover a wide range of topics that would be applicable to the development of learning activities for the proposed outdoor education program. The requirements of geography entails that grade seven and eight students learn about the environment, environmental issues, physical and human geography, and fundamentals pertaining to mapping. Regarding the requirements of science, grade seven and eight students learn about the impacts of pollution, water systems, the use of human technology and the use of fluids in technology and industry (Ministry of Education 2004). Teaching Techniques Through a thorough examination of journal articles, significant and positive teaching techniques were outlined. These methods can be utilized to enhance the learning and the overall outdoor experience for students. One study prepared by Vivian Shulman (2005), illustrated how teacher participation in planning workshops would lead to the development of discovery-oriented activities intended for student learning. This study was conducted in New York City, focusing exclusively on middle schools. Its purpose was to establish the impact regarding planning workshops on student academics. Thus, the study concluded that teacher involvement in planning programs would undeniably lead to a larger number of students meeting curriculum standards (Shulman 2005). An additional study presented by Terry Shaw and Terence Mills (1981), examined the association between outdoor education and student motivation in relation to learning. The results revealed that students preferred hands-on instruction and active learning in comparison to learning within a classroom. Additionally, student-teacher relations improved after such an experience (Shaw and Mills 1981). Simon Beames and Hamish Ross (2010) conducted their research in the Edinburgh area in England, which focused on the importance of student preparation prior to exploring school grounds, as this would reinforce knowledge pertaining to human and ecological influences on the environment. The findings revealed that students acquired the ability to construct their own learning plan appropriate to the demands of the curriculum (Beames and Ross 2010). Ina Stan’s (2009) study assessed the importance of facilitators and teachers that accompany school field trips. The area of study where the research was conducted was in a rural area of the English countryside. Stan (2009) concluded that facilitator presence and interaction with students would irrefutably contribute to a positive and successful outdoor experience. Furthermore, the experience appears to be most positive when the facilitator is directly engaged with the visiting group of students by means of social interaction, and thus, both will share in the learning experience (Stan 2009). Benefits of Outdoor Learning The vast majority of studies analyzed described the positive characteristics associated with outdoor learning. Peter Gibson’s (1979) article discussed the therapeutic benefits associated with outdoor activities. Gibson’s (1979) findings demonstrated that outdoor activities enabled participants to develop superior communication skills along with methods of handling conflict with others. Accordingly, these activities improved relationships amongst participants, while providing a more relaxed and non-restrictive learning environment (Gibson 1979). Chris Taylor, Sally Power and Gareth Rees (2010) performed their research in the United Kingdom, and based on their findings they declared that student participation in outdoor learning activities had essentially enhanced cognitive skills, personal development and improved social interaction capacities. A study performed in Melbourne, Australia by Cecily Jane Maller (2009), examined the correlation between the overall well-being of children in conjunction with hands-on contact with nature. The final results indicated that such activities had a positive impact on the emotional, social, and mental well being of children (Maller 2009). Richard Louv, author of the book entitled Last Child in the Woods, discussed the implications linked to the â€Å"Nature Deficit Disorder,† which was the focal point of the article presented by Kathleen Kennedy Manzo (2008). Louv declared that childhood obesity, depression, and the prevalence of attention disorders would amplify as a result of inadequate outdoor experiences. The necessity of nature-based learning is not limited to matters of health, as outdoor education can provide assistance in regards to student academics, social interaction, self-confidence, and will inevitably create an eagerness to learn and explore (Manzo 2008). Conservation The notion of conservation is quite significant especially when developing outdoor learning programs. The articles reviewed below portray student views in relation to conservation methods, and how their beliefs and attitudes have been altered after partaking in an outdoor education program. The study carried out by John Crompton and Christine Sellar (1981), utilized a sample group of third, fourth and sixth grade classes in Texas to show how outdoor learning can be used to influence children’s thoughts pertaining to conservation. The study concluded that outdoor education increased environmental awareness and sensitivity amongst students, and as a result, these newfound attitudes became a part of their beliefs (Crompton and Sellar 1981). Throughout Pavol Prokop’s (2007) article, he observed the short-term effects field programs had on student knowledge and their attitudes toward the environment. Prokop (2007) conducted his research in Slovakia, and he decided to narrow his study to rural schools, gathering student responses of those in grade six. The results show that student involvement in outdoor field activities had actually strengthened their knowledge of classroom material, and students became more appreciative of biological and ecological matters (Prokop 2007). Jeffery Marion and Scott Reid’s (2007) study centered on the use of low impact educational programs. These programs support a type of interaction with nature that leaves it completely undisturbed. Marion and Reid (2007) concluded that low impact education programs were successful in shifting participants’ attitudes in matters of conservation. As a result, participants were found likely to partake in conservation acts including reducing damage to the environment by means of disposing of garbage appropriately and following park regulations (Marion and Reid 2007). Methods Derived from Literature Review All the studies mentioned above obtained their data through participation and observation, and through the use of questionnaires, as well as focus groups. However, these methods have no implication on the outdoor education program that will be developed. The methodology that will be utilized for this study includes an analysis and observation of terrain and environmental characteristics. Therefore, the proposed study will not consist of data collection or participant input. The articles above were solely used to demonstrate the positive attributes in regards to the necessity of outdoor education programs. Therefore, their methodologies will not be discussed in greater detail. Goals and Objectives The goal of this study is to provide a comprehensive, flexible, and environmentally focused outdoor education program geared towards middle-school students, particularly those in grades seven and eight. This program will foster teamwork, creativity, and an appreciation for the environment, creating a positive experience gained through practical learning. Four objectives are required to achieve this goal. The first objective is to develop potential program activities that could be employed for the outdoor education program. The second objective is to analyze the conservation area for key locations that can be utilized for the program activities. The third objective would include the connection of these key location-based attributes to the designated activities, and relating this to the Ontario School Board Curriculum requirements. The fourth and last objective includes the construction of a flexible program that flows from activity to activity, covering a wide range of topics that coincides perfectly with the Ontario curriculum. Methodology The existing educational programs offered at Rockwood Conservation Area are sufficient for all ages; nonetheless, the research for this proposal will focus on improving the diversity of programs designated for middle-school students. Exploring background information pertaining to the Rockwood Conservation Area is crucial prior to fieldwork, as this will provide insight regarding past and present conditions, including geologic formations. Furthermore, through the use of topographic maps and aerial photographs, additional knowledge concerning the physical attributes of the area can be obtained. The significance of carrying out these methods is for decision-making purposes regarding where proposed educational activities will be positioned along the trail. Several literature reviews were conducted concerning the feasibility of outdoor learning as a core component of the Ontario school curriculum. Corresponding research topics included: learning benefits of outdoor education for both teachers and students, teaching techniques associated with mapping skills, and environmental awareness. The outdoor learning program currently offered at Rockwood Conservation Area was reviewed and taken into consideration for the implementation of proposed educational activities that would concur with any school curriculum. Prior to fieldwork, it is essential to determine the criteria required to construct an exceptional educational experience for students. Examples of such criterion includes the length of walking involved, the necessity of definite stops for discussion exercises, as well as enforcing students to remain on the designated path due to conservation issues and safety concerns. Lastly, the materials required such as maps of the area, a compass, and weather-appropriate gear, must be obtained prior to field research. Materials  · Compass  · Aerial photographs of Rockwood  · Map of the Rockwood Conservation Area  · Pens, pencils, notepad  · Mobile communication devices  · Digital Camera  · First aid kit  · Stopwatch  · Raincoats and boots Flexible Timeline January 7, 2011 (Friday) First class meeting: assemble a research group and decide upon a topic for the proposed research project. January 14, 2011 (Friday) Second class meeting: research was conducted in relation to background and site information of the Rockwood Conservation Area, as well as educational programs currently offered. The topic was narrowed down, and tasks were allocated to all group members. January 19, 2011 (Wednesday) First group meeting held at the Dana Porter Library, where each group member presented the literature they obtained over the past week, and explained its relevance to the proposed project. The project goal and objectives were discussed during this meeting. January 21, 2011 (Friday) Third class meeting: methodology, budget and timeline were considered. Each group member was given a section of the pre-field proposal report to be completed by January 26, 2011. January 26, 2011 (Wednesday) Second group consultation at the Davis Centre Library: integration of all components required for the final pre-field proposal. A team name was deliberated and decided upon. Group members were required to revise and format the field proposal on their own time. January 28, 2011 (Friday) Class meeting: submit a hard copy of the pre-field proposal. Discuss and finalize schedule for field visits. February 4, 2011 (Friday) Class meeting: amend the proposal and enhance project plan. Each group member will be responsible for bringing their own ideas regarding potential education programs to the class meeting. As well, the team must consider how the educational activities will be carried out. February 11, 2011 (Friday) Preparation for fieldwork: arranging rides, buying materials, considering safety precautions, and so forth. It is important to become familiar with the Rockwood Conservation Area through the use of maps. March 4, 2011 (Friday) First field visit to the Rockwood Conservation Area (by ourselves): take notes of the vicinity, and perform and strengthen activities. Take pictures to use in the final report. March 11, 2011 (Friday) Field visit with professor and teacher assistant: complete unfinished tasks from previous visit and carry out any additional work. March 15, 2011 (Tuesday) Group consultation: submit a summary of fieldwork. March 23, 2011 (Wednesday) Group consultation: prepare and practice for final presentation. March 25, 2011 (Friday) Give a class presentation: group seminar. April 15th, 2011 (Friday) Submit final report no later than this date. *Dates are subject to change due to weather variability. Budget Work Hours Research: 40 hours Includes preliminary research on methods and background information on Rockwood Conservation Area. Development of research plan and methodology Meetings: 100 Hours Includes weekly meetings to review and discuss methods, research, fieldwork, and the development of the education program. Reports: 50 Hours Includes production of statement of research and field plan, field work summary, and the final report Fieldwork: 180 hours Time for 6 Take a Hike researchers at Rockwood for 30 hours (Including travel) Analysis of site, selection of trails, and activity testing Summary of hours Item |Estimated* |Actual | |Research |40 | | |Group Meetings |100 | | |Reports |50 | | |Fieldwork |180 | | |Total: |370 | | * Labour costs are $25 per hour Materials/Additional Items Item |Estimated |Actual | |Field Supplies |$300 | | |Printing |$150 | | |Transportation |$250 | | |Meals |$350 | | |Total: |$1050 | | The total estimated labour and material costs for the development of the outdoor education program are $10,300. Actual figures will be provided as milestones are completed and the project progresses. Time Management Schedule Dates |Group Hours |Rey |Peter |Andrew |Rachel |Stephy |Zach | |01/07/2011 (In Class) |2 | | | | | | | |01/14/2011 (In Class) |2 | | | | | | | |01/21/2011 (In Class) |2 | | | | | | | |Components | | | | | | | | |Literature search | |1. 5 |2 |2 |3. 5 |4 |2 | |Methodology | | | | |2 | | | |Budget | | | |1 | | | | |Materials | |0. | | | | | | |Ethics | | | | | | |0. 5 | |Timeline | | | | | |0. 5 | | |Literature review | | |6 | | | | | |Editing |5 | | | | | | | Research and Ethics According to the Office of Research and Ethics, since the development of our project does not consist of research that involves humans as participants or research with animals, we do not need to apply for ethics approval from the University of Waterloo. We have the permission from the University of Waterloo for our research in the course Geography 391 – Field Research. In this course we will be working under the supervision of the Adjunct Associate Professor and Undergraduate Associate Chair, Ian McKenzie for the remainder of the Winter 2011 term. Conclusion The various studies examined confirm that the development of an education program within the Rockwood Conservation Area would be beneficial to its participants. The core components of the Ontario School Board Curriculum for science and geography, particularly for grades seven and eight, could easily be integrated into an outdoor education program using the unique natural landscape of the conservation area. Moreover, the teaching techniques associated with outdoor education programs would benefit both the students and teachers in matters concerning social interaction, academics, cognitive abilities, creativity, and physical health. Finally, nature-based learning exhibits conservation methods used to boost environmental consciousness. Take a Hike – Outdoor education can provide all services needed to accomplish this task and develop a comprehensive program for the Rockwood Conservation Area. ***Still need to work on works cited!!! Bibliography Stan, I. (2009). Recontextualizing the role of the facilitator in group interaction in the outdoor classroom. Journal of Adventure Education Outdoor Learning, 9(1):23–43. (http://www. info rmaworld. com/smpp/content~db=all? content=10. 1080/14729670902816611) Marion, J. , Reid, S. (2007). Minimizing Visitor Impacts to Protected Areas: The Efficacy of Low Impact Education Programmes. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 15(1), 5-27. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. ( http://www. informaworld. com/smpp/content~db=all~content=a907373106~frm=titlel ink? words=minimising,visitor,impacts,protected) Chapman, L. J. and Putnam, D. F. (1984) The Physiography of Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume 2, 270p. Accompanied by Map P. 2715 (coloured), scale 1:600,000. Toronto: University of Toronto Press Morgan, D. A. , (2002). The Grand Strategy: May-June 7, 4. Glacial Potholes at Rockwood 1-2. Rockwood Conservation Area, Summer 2010. Rockwood Conservation Area: A geological and biological treasure chest. Beames, S. and Ross, H. (2010). Journeys outside the classroom. Journal of Adventure Education Outdoor Learning, 10(2):95–109. ( http://www. informaworld. com/sm pp/content~db=all? content=10. 1080/14729679. 2010. 505708) Shulman, Vivian, and Deirdre Armitage. Project Discovery: An Urban Middle School Reform Effort. Education and Urban Society 37. 4 (2005): 371-397. Scholars Portal Journals. Web. 18 Jan. 2011. Shaw, Terry, and Terence Mills. Involved and Uninvolved Student Perceptions in Indoor and Outdoor School Settings Involved and Uninvolved Student Perceptions in Indoor and Outdoor School Settings. The Journal of Early Adolescence 1. 2 (1981): 135-145. Scholars Portal Journals. Web. 19 Jan. 2011 Prokop, Pavol. â€Å"Short-Term Effects of Field Programme on Students’ Knowledge and Attitude Toward Biology: a Slovak Experience. † Journal of Science Education and Technology 16. 3(2007). Web Jan 2011. DOI: 10. 1007/s10956-007-9044-8 Crompton, John L. Christine Sellar. â€Å"Do Outdoor education Experiences Contribute to Positive Development in the Affective Domain? † The Journal of Environmental Education 12. 4. 1981. Print. Gibson, Peter M. â€Å"Therapeutic Aspects of Wilderness Programs: A Comprehensive Literature Review. † Therapeutic Recreation Journal 2nd quarter. 1979. Print. Ministry of Education. â€Å"History and Geography. † The Ontario Curriculum. 2004. Ministry of Education. â€Å"Science and Technology. † The Ontario Curriculum. 2004. McKenzie. â€Å" Year when University of Waterloo bought property in Rockwood. † Personal Communication. Jan 21,2011.

Women in Engineering

Women in Engineering The experience of women in engineering varies with those of men. This could be attributed to their physiology, biology, among other aspects.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Engineering industry has experienced a dramatic growth while its future is still bright since women graduates in the field, continues to increase. The profession is attractive since it pays well as compared to others that women engage in. Besides, the nature of work in the field has modified to attract more women in the recent past in areas such as physical, social as well as environmental sciences since it has long been dominated by men. However, it is not an easy task to work in such a profession since women are constantly faced with issues of skepticism, scrutiny as well as sexism. This paper shall investigate women in engineering in the U.S. It will analyze their progress and the effects of legal system, societal norms, as well as professional practice. Besides, the paper shall discuss the issues, challenges and opportunities they encounter in the course of their career and elaborate on different recommendations, aimed to improve their prospects in the working environment to pave way for better opportunities in the future. Women Engineering in the U.S The males are still dominating engineering professions in the U.S as well as other parts of the world. However, the academic institutions as well as corporations have invested efforts in recruiting women in the profession. For instance, in the U.S this has helped the nation to remain globally competitive by not just by having many engineering students but also by enhancing diversity in their organizations (Stewart et al. 3). For many years, women have been underrepresented in the profession. Their recruitment is therefore, necessary to manage future shortages of engineers in the country. Engineering Academics Women in en gineering profession in in the U.S face various Impediments that includes inadequate feminine facilities essential in technical subjects as physics.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social pressure and lack of career guidance in education institutions are also other limitations. Some females admit that they are not exposed to the profession until they are unable to choose it as part of their career hence guidance on the same is essential (Burke Mattis 6). Besides, women should change their attitudes towards engineering profession. In the U.S, women disregard to pursue engineering majors with only 2.6% of the females pursuing it (Leventman 3). From statistical trends, women have however become interested in the recent past. Statistical Trends (Leventman 4) Year Total No. of Engineering Students No. of Women Percentage of Women 1990 346160 54772 16.5% 1994 328346 6093 1 18.6 1998 329657 66276 20.1 2000 353118 69506 19.7 2002 383109 71586 18.7 2004 384792 69490 17.8 2006 371720 64544 17.4 Additionally, the engineering degrees awarded to females in the year 2005 and 2006 comprised of 19.4%, 22.6% and 23.3% for Bachelors, Masters and Doctorates respectively. In 2009, the bachelor’s, Masters and Doctorates degrees in engineering were 17.8%, 23% and 21% respectively (Leventman 6). Engineering Workforce In the workforce, women in U.S have declined from 12.7% in 2005 to 12.1% in 2007(Leventman 7). This is summarized in the table below; Type of engineering Total # engineers in thousands 2005 2007 Percent female 2005 2007 Aerospace 90 123 13.3 0.5 Chemical 55 75 14.3 21.2 Civil 319 382 13.2 11.5 Comp hardware 81 79 10.8 9.6 Comp software 832 907 21.9 20.8 Electrical Electronic 352 347 7.1 8.6 Industrial 189 161 14.9 17.5 Mechanical 318 296 5.8 7.3 Retention Challenges In the U.S, women have twice the likelihood o f abandoning the profession after some years as compared to their male subjects i.e. 25% higher in females in comparison to 12% in males (Leventman 8).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Women in Engineering specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though, they claim that they are generally satisfied with the profession, they opt to abandon it based on a number of reasons that include; problems to strike a balance between the profession and family responsibilities, inadequate female mentors, limitations in the job requirements, perception of disparity in management’s assessment of their performance and exclusion from the â€Å"male dominated upwardly mobility colleague loop† (Leventman 8). As a result the profession experiences retention issues when it comes to women employees even when they are critically required. The Society of Women Engineers initiated a research study in 2007 consisting of 4500 males an d 1800 females awarded with bachelors and masters degrees. From the study, it was concluded that both genders have same education level as well as job satisfaction. Besides, both genders refer to better job opportunities to improve and enhancement of their salary as chief reasons to abandon the profession. However, women have a higher likelihood to refer to family-favoring working environment i.e. 12% as well as more interesting jobs i.e. 48% while men highlight on salary i.e. 17% as well as advancement i.e. 23%. Both genders alumni maintain that work/family is the greatest hindrance but women have two times higher likelihood i.e. 28% as compared to men i.e. 14%, to refer to this aspect. Women over 45 years of age have a 0.5 higher likelihood i.e. 29%, to become holders of senior engineering management directors as compared to men colleagues i.e. 55% (Leventman 15). Professional Practice Females abandon the private sector science, engineering and technology (SET) professions in mas sive numbers where 41% of the lower ranking SET are females and out of that, 52% abandons the positions particularly in their mid-late 30s. Additionally, machismo as well as sexual harassment prevails in the industry where 63% ascertains to encounter sexual harassment (Leventman 13). Others maintain that they feel isolated in the workplace, an experience referred to as the snowball effect present in SET working culture.Advertising Looking for essay on engineering? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Besides, they claim to experience varied work strategies where males receive rewards as a result of their masculine efforts such as firefighting while women are neglected. SET professions comprises of extensive long weeks as well as travelling, which impedes women since they are observed as homemakers where they find it hard to balance their career and family responsibilities. Moreover, women are taken as helpers in the profession hence they are not awarded with higher ranking positions. In IT sector, women neglect their jobs but this has declined from 36% to 25% in 1991 and 2008 respectively. This could be attributed to differences in salaries where women were paid an average salary of 70,370 USD in the year 2008 as compared to men that were paid an average salary of 80,357 USD. Following fifteen years in the IT profession, women would earn 11% less than men with similar experience (Leventman 12). Of importance therefore, IT organizations offers a good working environment for both genders where technical as well as communication skills are paramount. However, for gender parity to be achieved in such organizations there is a need for equal males and females to be awarded upper ranks in the organization structure. Moreover, equal numbers of males and females snood attain the topmost financial rewards. Societal Norms and Legal system The society has assumed that the engineering profession should be male dominated with regard to ability, role, aspiration as well as conduct. Besides, the corporate and educational organization has played a role to underrepresent women. The profession of science, technology and mathematics has also participated in this. These are some of the factors that are part and parcel of socio-political norms in a given community. It has been noted that men portrays superior spatial skills unlike women who depict superior verbal skills. However, advanced research ascertains that sex of an individual adds up to over 4% to the over-all variance in the sample (Badekale 14). As a result, there is a higher variation in spatial potentials within- sex as compared to between-sexes irrespective of such research studies. All the same, irrespective of the research findings, it is still commonly perceived that there exists some biological differences between the genders that are inherent, which enhance males to be successful in engineering as compared to women that eventually dictates the subject specialisms. Women are not only being impeded by lack of advocacy for equal opportunities in the engineering profession, but also are brought down by the denial of their rights in the workforce. From this research study, it is clear that women participation in engineering is still much lower than that of men in the US. Universities as well as corporations have however, drafted means to attract females in the profession although they depict lack of interest in the field, even when their potential is similar to that of men. Drastic recommenda tions are therefore, needed to manage women underrepresentation even if they are impeded by family responsibilities. Women depict lack of preferences in the field due to their upbringing, which is influenced by societal, legal, professional and cultural norms in the community. Recommendations Cultural change is so needed in corporate organizations as well as higher learning institutions. This could be attained through advocating for diversity, embracing attitudes and mentoring women to participate fully in engineering. To encourage females in the engineering profession, the institutions of higher learning should invest special efforts to recruit them in the industry by setting a special day to celebrate female engineers in an invent that is meant to expose female students in the field and commemorate the industry (Badekale 19). Female engineers have to become aware of the fact that they have to manage their biological differences to cope competitively with men. For instance, they ha ve to have timely pregnancies to balance their career and familial roles. Besides, they should work as teamwork to initiate their own unions and businesses to favor their needs. Women in the careers have to strike a balance between the family and work for them to be termed as efficient in the field (Burke Mattis xi). In the U.S, effective recruiting strategies in learning institutions are attributed to women engagement in engineering. These involves the choice of leaders who are committed responsibly in recruiting females, application of brochures, written publications to draw female students among other strategies (Badekale 13). These female engineers act as a role model to be looked upon by aspiring female students in junior levels to specialize in engineering. The general guidance and counseling should emphasize on relevance of engineering to female students where high ranking women engineers are invited as role models, which is a concept that is widely applied in the U.S leanin g institutions. Poor attitudes adopted by females towards engineering should be done away with (Badekale 14). A productive environment should be ensured for women to study and undertake engineering as a career by eliminating any hindrance to their participation. For instance, there should be enactment of a law to curb sexual harassment and female discrimination. Therefore, change of attitudes for female students as well as guidance and counseling that emphasizes on feminine needs in engineering should be initiated. Additionally, women engineers should lecture on related subjects for mentorship. Universities that concentrate primarily on women’s needs are necessary in a nation while the society should be made aware of the need for equality in the workforce through campaigns to eliminate the traditional mind of male domination in the field. Family support programs are essential for the state to enlighten family members on involving their daughters in engineering as well as elim inating sexism, for positive socialization. Authors of books should also eliminate masculinization of the profession while the legal system should draft policies to eliminate discrimination in hiring of female staff and encourage special provisions for them to cope in the field (Stewart et al. 79). Conclusion This research was aimed to generate the issues facing women in the engineering workforce. In conclusion, women should be more attracted in the profession and ensure their retention by motivation and other positive reinforcement strategies. The society should also participate by encouraging them to overcome any obstacle in the course of their career. Since they are faced with issues of declined tenure and promotion rates, extensive periods of promotion, declined rates of retention as well as minimal job satisfaction, these aspects should be dealt with, to ensure their efficiency, faculty productivity and higher retention for the ultimate job satisfaction that women engineers are in search of. Badekale, Adeke. â€Å"Woman and Engineering in Nigeria: Towards Improved Policy Initiatives and Increased Female Participation.† African Technology Policy Studies Network Working Paper Series, No. 37, 2003. Web. Burke, Ronald, and Mary Mattis. Women and Minorities in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics: Upping the Numbers. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2007. Print. Leventman, Paula. â€Å"Women in Engineering in the United States: Overview 1990-2010.† Northeastern University, 2010. Web. https://projectccwe.files.wordpress.com/2011/05/paula-leventman.pdf Stewart, Abigail, Janet Malley, and Danielle LaVaque-Manty. Transforming Science and Engineering: Advancing Academic Women. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2007. Print.

About the Giant Antaeus in Mythology

About the Giant Antaeus in Mythology Antaeus, son of Gaia and Poseidon, was a Libyan giant whose strength appeared invincible. He challenged all passers-by to a wrestling match that he invariably won. Upon winning, he slaughtered his adversaries. That is until he met Hercules. Antaeus Challenges Hercules Hercules had gone to the garden of the Hesperides for an apple. (The Hesperides, daughters of Night or the Titan Atlas, took care of the garden.) On Hercules way back, the giant Antaeus challenged the hero to a wrestling match. No matter how many times Hercules threw Antaeus off and tossed him to the ground, it did no good. If anything, the giant appeared rejuvenated from the encounter. The Strength of Antaeus From His Mother Gaia Hercules eventually realized that Gaia, the Earth, Antaeus mother, was the source of his strength, so Hercules held the giant aloft until all his power had drained away. After he killed Antaeus, Hercules proceeded safely back to his taskmaster, King Eurystheus. Incidentally, the modern American hero and demigod Percy Jackson, in the eponymous series, written by Rick Riordan, also defeats Antaeus by suspending him above the earth. Ancient Sources for Antaeus   Some ancient writers who mention Antaeus are Pindar, Apollodorus, and Quintus Ancient Sources for Antaeus  Smyrnus.

Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Japan - Essay Example Today the process of reclamation of land from the sea is going on but it is faced with resistance from environmentalists that argue the bay is more important as an ecological buffer for both the land and the commercial fishing industry. Future land development is this area will now have to deal with balancing environmental concerns and the need for space in the face of limited supply on Japan's Island nation. This paper will explore the alternative ways in which Land reclamation project in Tokyo bay could proceed in light of all the competing motivations that exist. After introducing the history of land reclamation in Tokyo Bay it will look at the the way in which construction would ideally have to be implemented using the ideas of famed Japanese Architect Kenzo Tange. It will look at the arguments for conservation projects in the area that would perhaps be more attractive to the Japanese population than monolithic construction projects and it will touch on the possibility of using f loating structures to expand construction. In exploring these alternatives this paper will place the rationales for these approaches in their appropriate historical, social, cultural and scientific context. Tokyo Bay formed about 12000 years ago following the last glacial age(1, Tomoyuki). Over the millenia an intricate network of coral grew in the pattern of coral in all coastal regions. This coral today provides a vital role in the protecting the delicate ecosystem that exist in the area. There are many life forms that presently exist. Major groups of corals were only discovered within the last decade but now there is found to be an extensive network of coral all throughout the area. Indeed the bay is teeming with life. A rich population of plankton that have ironically thrived on the treated sewage waste that has been released into the bay provide the food base for a number of fish that live in the area, including bass, parrot fish,and shrimp to name just a few. The area has long been noted to produce fish stock at a higher rate than the surrounding ocean precisely because of the plankton. The problem has been that the encroachment by land reclamation has also claimed much of the fl at land that surrounds the bay. Over 90 % of this land has been reclaimed in the last 50 years(4 , Mason) . The reasons for this expansion are rooted in Japan's need for more space. There are 127 million people in Japan living in a geographical area the size of only five times the size of Britain(6, Mason). Land reclamation therefore is almost an historical inevitability. The earliest example of land reclamation occurred in the Edo era over 400 years ago. While this reclamation undoubtedly effected the delicate ecosystem the scale was small enough that the system was able to absorb the shocks. This remained the case till the postwar period when industrialization proceeded at a rapid pace. Ironically the first widespread utilization of land reclamation arose out of a need to curb pollution. The Asanao Cement Corporation was the principal culprit in the the pollution of the inland areas of Fukagawa. A plan was therefore devised, ill conceived in retrospect, to reclaim land along the Tokyo bay and situate much of the heavy industry in this area(5, Amazaki). This was in 1912 and the growth expanded during the years of World War II, but only really dramatically increased in the post war rapid economic expansion. Amazaki describes the